Skip to main content

Data and Information

What is Data and Information


Data are plain facts. The word "data" is plural for "datum." When data are processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make them useful, they are called Information. It is not enough to have data . Data themselves are fairly useless, but when these data are interpreted and processed to determine its true meaning, they becomes useful and can be named as Information.


Defining Database


Definitions of Database : An organized body of related information. In computing, a database can be defined as a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer so that a program can consult it to answer queries. The records retrieved in answer to queries become information that can be used to make decisions. An organized collection of records presented in a standardized format searched by computers. A collection of data organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer.




Objectives of the Database

A database is a collection of interrelated data stored with minimum redundancy to serve many users quickly and efficiently. The general objective is to make information access easy, quick, inexpensive, and flexible for the user. 

In data base design, several specific objectives can be considered as follows:

(i) Controlled Redundancy
(ii) Ease of Learning and Use
(iii) Data Independence
(iv) Most Information in Low Cost
(v) Accuracy and Integrity
(vi) Recovery from failure
(vii) Privacy and Security
(viii) Performance

Database Management System a.k.a DBMS


A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred to as the Database (DB)). A set of application programs used to access, update and manage that data (which form the data Management System (MS)).

The goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in : Retrieving information from the database. Storing information into the database.

Databases are usually designed to manage large bodies of information. This involves : Definition of structures for information storage (data modeling). Provision of mechanisms for the manipulation of information (file and systems structure, query processing). Providing for the safety of information in the database (crash recovery and security).

Components of DBMS


four basic components of Database Management System : (i) Data : Raw facts which we want to feed in the computer. (ii) Hardware : On which the data to be processed. (iii) Software : The interface between the hardware and user, by which the data will change into the information. (iv) User : There are so many types of users some of them are application programmer, endcase users and DBA.

Labels

Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

What is iostream.h in C++ Programing Language ?

In C++ programing language, all header files end with .H extension. In standard C++, all devices are accessed and used as a file.  One such header file is iostream.h in C++ programming language. In this, all input and output devices are treated as files.  Let's quickly look at what are the input and output devices mean in C++ program.  Standard Input Device - Keyboard  Standard Output Device   - Monitor  Standard Error Device - Screen or monitor In C++, input and output are not defined within, and are implemented with the help of a component of the C++ standard library which is I/O library.  A file is read simply as a stream of bytes at the lowest level. But at a user level, a file consists of possibly mixed data types which can be characters, arithmetic values class, objects etc.  What are the predefined streams in I/O Library? As discussed above there are input, output and error library in c++, they have some predefined streams objects as well w...
Read more

C++ Program to find the sum, difference, product and quotient of two integers

#include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> void main() {   clrscr();   int x = 10;   int y = 2;   int sum, difference, product, quotient;   sum = x + y;   difference = x - y;   product = x * y;   quotient = x / y;   cout << "The sum of " << x << " & " << y << " is " << sum << "." << endl;   cout << "The difference of " << x << " & " << "y <<  is " << difference << "." << endl;   cout << "The product of " << x << " & " << y << " is " << product << "." << endl;   cout << "The quotient of " << x << " & " << y << " is " << quotient << "." << endl;   getch(); }
Read more

What is Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ Program

In the computer world, anything that is processed be it an instruction or any data first needs to be loaded and located in internal memory.  In C++ programs also any data that is processed while executing the program is held in the internal memory.  What is Dynamic Memory Allocation? Dynamic Memory allocation means that the memory that will be used during the program is not known beforehand and is allocated dynamically and on the go. It is allocated during the runtime as and when required by the program. In C++ there are two operators used in dynamic memory allocation  1. New  2. Delete New operator in dynamic memory allocation The new operator in C++ is used to create objects of all types. The new operator will allocate memory of the size of the data type specified in the program.  For Example iptr = new int ;  Storing initial values will allocate needed amount of memory from the free store to hold the value of the specified data-type and store the startin...
Read more